Sony HFP-200 (1985) – Beta Hi-Fi Adapter with MTS Stereo Support (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony HFP-200, released in 1985, is a Beta Hi-Fi adapter designed to upgrade select Sony Betamax VCRs with high-fidelity stereo sound, including support for MTS (Multichannel Television Sound) Stereo broadcasts. This adapter allowed users to enhance their existing Betamax systems without purchasing an entirely new VCR.


Key Features

  • Beta Hi-Fi Stereo Sound: Enables both recording and playback of high-fidelity stereo audio on compatible Sony Betamax VCRs.
  • MTS Stereo Support: Allows for off-air recording of MTS stereo broadcasts, providing users with enhanced audio from television broadcasts.
  • Input Selectors: Offers options to record audio signals from various sources, including another VCR, TV, or audio equipment, providing flexibility in audio sourcing.
  • Monitor Selector: Lets users listen to stereo or independent left and right audio channels, facilitating precise audio monitoring during recording and playback.
  • Recording Level Control: Features 16-segment LED recording level meters with both automatic and manual controls, ensuring optimal audio performance during Beta Hi-Fi recordings.
  • Bilingual Selector: Includes a feature for listening to SAP (Secondary Audio Program) tracks during recordings, catering to multilingual broadcast content.
  • Headphone Jack: Equipped with a stereo headphone jack and volume control for discreet audio monitoring.

Compatibility

The HFP-200 was designed to complement Sony’s “Beta Hi-Fi Ready” VCR models, including:

  • SL-HFR30
  • SL-HFR50
  • SL-HFR60
  • SL-HFR70
  • SL-HFR90

By connecting the HFP-200 to these models, users could upgrade their VCRs to support Beta Hi-Fi stereo sound, significantly enhancing the audio experience.


Original Retail Price and Current Market Value

Upon its release in 1985, the Sony HFP-200 was marketed as a premium optional accessory for Betamax users. While official RRP (Recommended Retail Price) figures are limited, similar Sony Beta Hi-Fi adapters were priced between $150 – $300 USD at launch.

In today’s vintage electronics market, the Sony HFP-200 is a rare find, with prices for used units ranging from $100 to $300 USD, depending on condition. Fully functional models with minimal wear tend to sell at the higher end of the spectrum, while untested or non-working units are available for less.


Repair and Maintenance

Given the HFP-200’s age, maintenance is often necessary to ensure optimal performance. Some common issues include:

  • Aging capacitors: May cause audio distortion or signal loss.
  • Connector wear: Loose or corroded connections can affect sound quality.
  • Internal component degradation: Certain resistors or ICs may require replacement.

Repair and Troubleshooting Guide

Over time, the HFP-200 may experience issues due to aging components. Here are some common troubleshooting tips and fixes to help maintain and repair the unit:

1. No Audio Output / Distorted Sound

  • Possible Cause: Aging capacitors in the audio circuit.
  • Fix: Inspect and replace any visibly leaking or bulging electrolytic capacitors on the main board.

2. Intermittent or Weak Connection

  • Possible Cause: Dirty or oxidized RCA jacks and connectors.
  • Fix: Use electronic contact cleaner on all input/output jacks and cable connectors.

3. Unresponsive Recording Level Controls

  • Possible Cause: Dust or debris inside the potentiometer.
  • Fix: Rotate the control knobs back and forth several times. If the issue persists, apply a small amount of contact cleaner inside the control housing.

4. MTS Stereo Not Working Properly

  • Possible Cause: Faulty audio processing ICs or incorrect signal input.
  • Fix: Ensure the correct input source is selected. If issues persist, check the solder joints on the board for cracks or breaks.

5. Power-On Issues / No LED Activity

Fix: Test the voltage regulator and capacitors in the power circuit. Replace any failing components.

Possible Cause: Failed power supply components (capacitors, voltage regulators).


Video Reviews and Repair Guides

For a visual overview and demonstration of the HFP-200 in action, you can refer to the following video:


Manual Availability

Currently, the user manual for the Sony HFP-200 is unavailable. If you possess a copy or know where one can be accessed, sharing it with the Betamax community would be highly beneficial.


The Sony HFP-200 was a valuable upgrade for Betamax users in the 1980s, bringing superior stereo sound and MTS stereo broadcast support to compatible VCRs. While rare today, it remains a sought-after piece of Betamax technology, adding Beta Hi-Fi capabilities to models that originally lacked them. If you are lucky enough to find one, it can still enhance vintage recordings with improved sound fidelity.

Sony HFP-100 Beta Hi-Fi Adapter (Manual Unavailable)

Released in 1984, the Sony HFP-100 was designed as a Beta Hi-Fi adapter to upgrade select Betamax VCRs with stereo audio playback capabilities. As Betamax technology progressed, Sony introduced Hi-Fi stereo sound, but many early models lacked built-in support. The HFP-100 provided a cost-effective solution, allowing users to enjoy superior audio quality without replacing their entire VCR.

Key Features

  • Beta Hi-Fi Stereo Playback – Enhances audio fidelity on compatible Betamax VCRs.
  • External Hi-Fi Processor – Connects to certain Sony Betamax models, enabling stereo output.
  • No Built-in Recording – Designed exclusively for playback; it does not enable Hi-Fi recording.
  • Seamless Integration – Direct connection to supported Sony Betamax VCRs for enhanced performance.

Performance and Compatibility

The HFP-100 works by decoding Beta Hi-Fi audio signals from tapes recorded in Hi-Fi format, then outputting the improved stereo sound. While many later Betamax VCRs had built-in Beta Hi-Fi, early models required external adapters like the HFP-100 to take advantage of this technology.

The HFP-100 does not function as a standalone unit—it must be connected to a compatible Sony Betamax VCR that supports external Hi-Fi processing. Users looking to upgrade their older Betamax machines with stereo playback would often use this device instead of purchasing an entirely new VCR.

Limitations

  • No Hi-Fi Recording – Unlike later models with integrated Hi-Fi, the HFP-100 only enhances playback.
  • Limited Compatibility – Only works with select Sony Betamax VCRs, requiring specific connections.
  • Rarity & Availability – As a niche accessory from the mid-1980s, working units are increasingly difficult to find.

Repair and Maintenance

Like most vintage Betamax accessories, the HFP-100 may require maintenance due to aging components. Common issues include:

  • Aging capacitors – May cause signal degradation.
  • Loose connections – Internal wiring may require soldering repairs.
  • No power issues – Typically linked to faulty voltage regulators.

Video Reviews & Repair Resources

While specific repair videos for the HFP-100 are limited, the following video provides insights into Sony Hi-Fi Betamax technology and servicing:

Manual Availability

📌 Status: Manual Unavailable
Currently, a user manual for the Sony HFP-100 has not been found. If you have a copy or know where one can be accessed, consider sharing it with the Betamax collector community.

The Sony HFP-100 Beta Hi-Fi Adapter played a crucial role in bridging the gap between early Betamax VCRs and later Hi-Fi audio advancements. By offering high-fidelity stereo playback, it allowed users to enjoy improved sound quality without upgrading their entire system. Today, it remains a sought-after Betamax accessory among collectors and enthusiasts preserving Sony’s Betamax legacy.

Sony GCS-50 SuperBeta Hi-Fi VCR (1985) (Includes Manual for Free Download)

The Sony GCS-50, released in 1985, is a professional-grade SuperBeta Hi-Fi Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) designed for industrial and professional video editing applications. Built with an all-metal chassis, this unit emphasizes durability and precision, catering to users requiring high-quality video and audio performance.

betainfoguide.net

Key Features

  • SuperBeta Recording and Playback: Offers enhanced video resolution compared to standard Betamax formats.
  • Beta Hi-Fi Audio: Provides superior audio fidelity with two-channel Hi-Fi stereo sound.
  • Dual Linear Audio Channels: In addition to Hi-Fi audio, supports two-channel linear audio, yielding a total of four audio channels. betainfoguide.net
  • Jog/Shuttle Wheel: Features a large, locking jog/shuttle dial enabling precise control, including audible linear audio during slow-motion playback. betainfoguide.net
  • Insert Editing: Supports true video insert editing and two-channel audio insert editing (audio dubbing), allowing for precise post-production modifications. betainfoguide.net
  • Recording Speed Selector: Equipped with a hidden BIs/BII record speed selector switch, providing flexibility in recording quality and duration. betainfoguide.net
  • Elapsed Hours Meter: Includes an internal meter to track the total operational hours of the unit, aiding in maintenance scheduling. betainfoguide.net
  • Framing Servo Switch: Utilizes a framing servo mechanism to ensure stable and clear edits during playback, particularly in feeder/recorder setups. betainfoguide.net
  • Remote/Local Switch: Allows toggling between local control and remote operation, enhancing versatility in various setups. betainfoguide.net
  • High-Band (SuperBeta) Toggle: Features a “High-Band” switch, the Japanese term for SuperBeta, enabling users to switch between standard and high-band recording modes. betainfoguide.net
  • Stereo Microphone Input: Provides a two-channel stereo microphone input for high-quality audio recording. betainfoguide.net

Performance and Usage

The GCS-50 is engineered for professionals in video production and editing, offering advanced features that facilitate precise control over both video and audio recording. Its robust build and comprehensive editing capabilities make it suitable for studio environments and field applications where reliability and quality are paramount.

The inclusion of both Beta Hi-Fi and dual linear audio channels allows for versatile audio recording options, catering to complex production needs. The jog/shuttle wheel and insert editing features provide editors with the tools necessary for frame-accurate editing, essential for professional video production.

Legacy and Rarity

As a high-end professional VCR from the mid-1980s, the Sony GCS-50 is considered a rare and valuable piece among vintage video equipment collectors and professionals. Its advanced features and durable construction have allowed some units to remain operational, though they are increasingly scarce in the market.

Sony GCS-1 SuperBetamovie Camcorder (1986) (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony GCS-1, released in 1986, was a SuperBetamovie camcorder that combined Betamax recording technology with a built-in video camera. As one of Sony’s high-end Betamovie models, the GCS-1 was designed for professional and semi-professional users who wanted high-quality video recording in a portable format.

Unlike VHS-C and 8mm camcorders emerging around the same time, the GCS-1 benefited from Sony’s SuperBeta format, which provided improved picture resolution and better color reproduction than standard Betamax. However, like all Betamovie camcorders, it lacked built-in playback capability, requiring users to insert the tapes into a separate Betamax VCR for viewing.

Key Features

  • SuperBeta Recording – Higher resolution than standard Betamax
  • Integrated Camera and Recorder – No need for an external Betamax deck
  • Hi-Fi Stereo Audio – Superior sound recording compared to earlier Betamovie models
  • Auto-Focus and Manual Focus Controls – Greater flexibility in shooting
  • Shoulder-Mounted Design – Balanced for stability and ease of use
  • Wired Remote Control Compatibility (RM-81) – For enhanced playback and recording control
  • Auto White Balance – Improves color accuracy in various lighting conditions
  • F1.4 Zoom Lens – Provides high-quality optical performance
  • External Microphone Input – Enables professional-grade audio recording
  • Time Code Support – Helps with precise editing and playback synchronization

Performance and Usage

The Sony GCS-1 was marketed towards advanced users, corporate videographers, and professionals who needed a higher-quality recording format than standard home video cameras. The SuperBeta technology ensured sharper images, making it a viable alternative to competing VHS camcorders.

However, the lack of built-in playback and the dominance of VHS camcorders in the market made Betamovie camcorders less attractive to casual users. Despite its advanced features, the GCS-1 was a niche product mainly used by enthusiasts and professionals who were already invested in the Betamax ecosystem.

Legacy and Rarity

The GCS-1 remains one of the rarest Betamovie camcorders, as SuperBeta camcorders were never mass-adopted like their VHS counterparts. Finding a fully functional unit today is difficult, and they are highly sought after by Betamax collectors. Due to the lack of built-in playback, many users abandoned their Betamovie cameras in favor of VHS-C and Hi8 camcorders, which provided more convenient recording and viewing options.

Sony FP-60 Betamax VCR/Projection TV (1984) (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony FP-60, released in 1984, was a unique Betamax VCR and projection TV combination unit, designed as an all-in-one home entertainment system. Unlike standard Betamax decks, the FP-60 incorporated a front-projection display, making it a self-contained video playback and recording system.

Marketed as a high-end alternative to traditional television setups, the FP-60 was ideal for users who wanted a large-screen viewing experience without the need for an external television. The integrated projector and Betamax VCR allowed for direct playback of Betamax tapes, making it a futuristic and premium product during the early 1980s.

Key Features

  • Integrated Front-Projection TV – Eliminates the need for a separate display
  • Betamax VCR with Recording Capabilities – Supports standard Betamax tape playback and recording
  • Large-Screen Viewing – Projected image larger than conventional CRT televisions
  • Hi-Fi Stereo Sound – Superior audio performance for home theater setups
  • Wired Remote Control (RM-27) – Allows easier operation from a distance
  • Multiple Input/Output Options – Connects to external video sources
  • Timer Recording – Enables scheduled recording of TV broadcasts
  • VHF/UHF Tuner – Built-in tuner for receiving broadcast television signals

Performance and Usage

The Sony FP-60 was designed as a home theater centerpiece, providing a cinematic experience with Betamax playback. While projection TVs were still a niche technology at the time, the FP-60 offered a glimpse into the future of home entertainment by merging a video recorder and a large-screen display into one unit.

However, the bulky size and high cost limited its widespread adoption, and its projection technology was less advanced than later rear-projection TVs or LCD projectors. Despite these limitations, the FP-60 remains a rare and collectible piece of Betamax history.

Legacy and Rarity

Due to its limited production and high-end market positioning, the Sony FP-60 is extremely rare today. Very few units have survived in working condition, as projection TV technology required frequent maintenance. The combination of a Betamax deck and a projection TV makes this a highly sought-after collector’s item, especially for those interested in early home theater systems.

Sony EDW-30F Extended Definition Betamax VCR (1988) (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony EDW-30F, released in 1988, was a high-end Extended Definition Betamax (ED Beta) VCR designed for professional and high-fidelity analog video recording. As part of Sony’s ED Beta lineup, it offered superior image quality, enhanced editing features, and hi-fi stereo sound, making it a preferred choice for video professionals, broadcasters, and advanced home users.

Unlike standard Betamax models, the EDW-30F supported ED Beta recording, a format that delivered up to 500 lines of horizontal resolution, making it the highest-quality analog recording format available at the time. This improvement made it a viable alternative to S-VHS for professional and semi-professional video production.

Key Features

  • Extended Definition Betamax (ED Beta) Format – Higher resolution than standard Betamax
  • Near-Broadcast-Quality Video – Up to 500 lines of horizontal resolution
  • Hi-Fi Stereo Sound – High-fidelity audio recording
  • Flying Erase Head – Enables seamless video editing
  • S-Video Input/Output – Provides enhanced video quality
  • Frame Advance & Slow Motion Playback – Precise control for playback
  • Jog/Shuttle Dial – Accurate navigation for playback and editing
  • Index Search & On-Screen Display – Makes locating recorded content easier
  • Video & Audio Insert Editing – Enables post-production editing
  • Infrared Remote Compatibility (Optional RMT-169) – Supports remote operation

Performance and Usage

The Sony EDW-30F was designed for semi-professionals, video editors, and enthusiasts who needed a high-end analog recording system. The Extended Definition Betamax format provided superior image quality, making it ideal for archival recording, mastering, and advanced home video production.

With insert editing and audio dubbing capabilities, users could create precisely edited content without signal degradation. The flying erase head ensured clean edits, making the EDW-30F a powerful tool for professionals.

While VHS and S-VHS dominated the home video market, ED Beta remained the best analog format for video quality, making the EDW-30F a sought-after machine among collectors and video restoration specialists.

Legacy and Rarity

Due to its high-end features and professional focus, the Sony EDW-30F was not a mass-market product, and as a result, surviving units are rare and highly collectible. Working models in good condition can be difficult to find, and those that are available often command premium prices due to their high-quality playback capabilities.

The ED Beta format was discontinued in the early 1990s, and the EDW-30F remains one of the last high-end Betamax VCRs ever produced. Despite the format’s decline, the EDW-30F is still valued by collectors and video preservationists for its outstanding analog video performance.

Sony EDV-9300 / EDV-9500 Extended Definition Betamax VCR (Includes Manual for Free Download)

The Sony EDV-9300 (Canada) and EDV-9500 (USA) were Extended Definition Betamax (ED Beta) VCRs, released in 1988. These models represented the pinnacle of Betamax technology, offering broadcast-level video quality that rivaled professional recording equipment. Designed for enthusiasts and professionals, these decks provided near-studio-quality resolution, hi-fi stereo sound, and advanced editing features.

Unlike standard Betamax VCRs, ED Beta models like the EDV-9300 and EDV-9500 used metal-formulated tapes, allowing for up to 500 lines of horizontal resolution, a major leap over standard Betamax and VHS. This made them a preferred choice for semi-professional video production and high-end home theater setups.

Key Features

  • Extended Definition Betamax (ED Beta) Recording – Superior resolution compared to standard Betamax
  • Hi-Fi Stereo Audio – Crystal-clear sound for high-quality recordings
  • Flying Erase Head – Enables seamless video editing and clean transitions
  • S-Video Input/Output – Provides sharper video playback and recording quality
  • X2 Speed Playback – Allows fast motion viewing without significant quality loss
  • Frame Advance & Slow Motion – Enhanced playback control for detailed review
  • Jog/Shuttle Dial – Precise playback control for editing and navigation
  • Index Search & On-Screen Display – Makes it easier to locate recorded content
  • Video & Audio Insert Editing – Enables advanced post-production capabilities
  • Infrared Remote Control (RMT-164) – Comprehensive remote for playback and recording functions

Performance and Usage

The EDV-9300 and EDV-9500 were aimed at video professionals, enthusiasts, and archivists who needed a high-end analog recording system before the transition to digital formats. With S-Video connectivity and superior video processing, these VCRs outperformed most VHS and S-VHS decks in terms of visual clarity.

One of the biggest advantages of these models was their video and audio insert editing capability, allowing users to refine their recordings without degrading quality. This made them popular among semi-professionals and home video enthusiasts looking for a powerful yet accessible editing solution.

Legacy and Availability

The Sony EDV-9300 and EDV-9500 were among the last high-end Betamax VCRs before the format was completely overshadowed by S-VHS and digital recording technologies. While ED Beta offered unmatched analog quality, its limited market penetration and high cost prevented it from becoming mainstream.

Today, these models are considered rare and highly collectible, with working units commanding premium prices. Their superior recording quality and advanced editing features make them a valuable piece of video history for collectors and video preservationists.

Manual Availability

📄 The official user manual for the Sony EDV-9300 and EDV-9500 (1988) is available for free download.

Sony EDV-7300 / EDV-7500 Extended Definition Betamax VCR (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony EDV-7300 (Canada) and EDV-7500 (USA) were Extended Definition Betamax (ED Beta) VCRs, released in 1988. These high-end Betamax models were part of Sony’s effort to extend the life of the Betamax format by offering higher-resolution video recording and playback compared to standard Betamax. The ED Beta format was designed to compete with Super VHS (S-VHS), providing near-broadcast-quality resolution for home and professional use.

As some of the most advanced Betamax decks ever produced, the EDV-7300 and EDV-7500 featured hi-fi stereo sound, enhanced video processing, and S-Video connectivity, making them a premium choice for video enthusiasts and semi-professional users.

Key Features

  • Extended Definition Betamax (ED Beta) Support – Higher resolution than standard Betamax
  • Hi-Fi Stereo Sound – Superior audio quality compared to earlier Betamax models
  • Flying Erase Head – Enables seamless video editing and smooth transitions
  • S-Video Input/Output – Improved video signal clarity over standard composite connections
  • X2 Playback Speed – Allows faster viewing of recorded content
  • Jog/Shuttle Dial – Precise control over playback and editing
  • Index Search Function – Easier navigation of recorded content
  • Infrared Remote Control (RMT-169) – Full-featured remote for playback and recording control

Performance and Usage

The Sony EDV-7300 and EDV-7500 were targeted at video enthusiasts, professionals, and high-end consumers looking for top-tier analog recording quality. With ED Beta tapes, these decks could record up to 500 lines of horizontal resolution, a significant improvement over VHS and standard Betamax.

Despite their impressive capabilities, these models were released just as the market was transitioning to digital formats, limiting their adoption. They remain some of the highest-quality Betamax VCRs ever produced, making them highly sought after by collectors today.

Legacy and Availability

As one of the last premium Betamax decks, the EDV-7300 and EDV-7500 marked the final evolution of the format before digital camcorders and Super VHS (S-VHS) took over the professional and high-end consumer market. Finding a fully functional unit today is rare, and those in good condition can command high prices among collectors.

Manual Availability

⚠️ The official user manual for the Sony EDV-7300 and EDV-7500 (1988) has not yet been located.
If you own or have access to a copy, sharing it would help preserve the history of Extended Definition Betamax technology. This page will be updated if an official manual becomes available.

Sony BMC-1000K Betamovie Camcorder (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony BMC-1000K, released in 1987, was one of the last high-end Betamovie camcorders produced by Sony before the decline of Betamax in the consumer market. This model featured an all-in-one recording design, allowing users to capture high-quality video directly onto Betamax tapes without the need for an external VCR during filming.

The BMC-1000K introduced improvements in recording quality, ergonomics, and portability, making it one of the most advanced Betamovie camcorders of its time. Despite its powerful features, it lacked built-in playback, requiring users to connect the tapes to a Betamax VCR for viewing.

Key Features

  • SuperBeta Recording – Higher resolution for improved video quality
  • Integrated Camera and Betamax Recorder – No need for an external recording device
  • All-in-One Camcorder Design – Streamlined for portable video recording
  • RM-81 Wired Remote Support – Allows remote operation for enhanced usability
  • Shoulder-Mounted Design – Provides stability for handheld recording
  • Composite Video Output – Enables direct connection to monitors for external playback
  • Rechargeable Battery Pack – Supports extended video recording sessions

Performance and Usage

The BMC-1000K was targeted toward advanced users and video enthusiasts who wanted a high-quality, standalone camcorder without relying on a separate VCR during recording. Compared to earlier Betamovie models, this unit benefited from Sony’s refinements in optics and sensor technology, producing sharper images with better low-light performance.

However, like all Betamovie camcorders, it could not play back recorded footage without an external Betamax player. This was a significant limitation compared to VHS camcorders, which had already started offering built-in playback functionality at the time.

Legacy and Availability

By the late 1980s, the consumer video market had shifted toward VHS and 8mm camcorders, leading to the gradual phase-out of Betamax camcorders like the BMC-1000K. Today, this model is considered rare and collectible, but working units can be difficult to find due to aging components and limited availability.

Manual Availability

⚠️ The official user manual for the Sony BMC-1000K (1987) has not yet been found.
If you own or have access to a copy, sharing it would benefit the vintage Betamax community. This page will be updated if an official manual becomes available.

Sony BMC-600/660 Betamovie Camcorder (Manual Unavailable)

The Sony BMC-600 and BMC-660, released in 1986, were part of Sony’s Betamovie camcorder lineup. These models continued Sony’s push to integrate a video camera and Betamax recorder into a single unit, eliminating the need for an external VCR. Designed for consumers who wanted high-quality home video recording, these camcorders offered improved performance over earlier Betamovie models, particularly with their SuperBeta recording format.

Key Features

  • SuperBeta Recording – Higher resolution compared to standard Betamax tapes.
  • All-in-One Camcorder Design – No need for an external Betamax deck.
  • Interchangeable Lenses (BMC-660) – Expanded creative options for video recording.
  • RM-81 Wired Remote Control Support – Enhanced usability for playback and recording functions.
  • Shoulder-Mounted Form Factor – Designed for stability and ease of use.

Usage and Performance

The BMC-600 and BMC-660 were designed for enthusiasts and semi-professional users who wanted a portable, high-quality video recording solution. Unlike VHS-C or 8mm camcorders emerging in the same era, these models benefited from Sony’s Betamax technology, offering superior video fidelity. However, like earlier Betamovie models, these camcorders lacked built-in playback capability, requiring users to use a separate Betamax player to view their recordings.

The BMC-660 model offered an interchangeable lens system, giving it an advantage over the BMC-600 for users who wanted greater control over depth of field, zoom range, and image composition.

Legacy and Availability

By the late 1980s, VHS camcorders had taken over the consumer market, leading to the decline of Betamax camcorders like the BMC-600 and BMC-660. While these models remain collectible among vintage tech enthusiasts, they are considered rare, and finding working units in good condition can be difficult.

Manual Availability

⚠️ The official manual for the Sony BMC-600 and BMC-660 (1986) has yet to be sourced.
If you own or have access to a copy, sharing it would benefit the vintage Betamax community. This listing will be updated if an official manual becomes available.